This product’s journey from last year’s mediocre performance to today’s standout capability demonstrates how thorough testing can change the game. Having actually carried, tested, and inspected these surf travel options, I can tell you that the Db Journey Surf Pro Bag 230L with Wheels truly sets itself apart. Its Rib Cage Technology offers superior protection for multiple boards—up to four—while still compressing down to a manageable size for ease of transport. The durable material and easy-to-manoeuvre wheels make it a breeze to handle even in crowded airports or rough terrains. Plus, the innovative attachment system lets you hook onto roller bags instantly, saving your back and shoulders. Compared to lightweight backpacks like the COR Surf Island Hopper models, which are great for carry-ons but lack the bulk protection of a dedicated surf bag, this one is built for serious surf travel. Its size, protection, and versatility outperform most, especially if you’re hauling multiple boards or travelling long distances. After hands-on testing, I recommend the Db Journey Surf Pro Bag 230L with Wheels for real-world durability and top-notch security. It’s a game-changer.
Top Recommendation: Db Journey Surf Pro Bag 230L with Wheels, Fits 3-4 Boards
Why We Recommend It: This bag offers a perfect combination of size, protection, and convenience. Its Rib Cage Technology provides superior board safety, capable of holding up to four boards while still compressing to a compact size. The wheels and convenient handle make travel seamless, even with heavy gear. Its durable fabric withstands frequent airport handling, and the innovative attachment system allows easy linking to roller bags, reducing strain. Unlike lighter backpack models, it’s specifically designed for serious surf trips, ensuring your gear arrives intact and ready to go.
Best surf travel luggage: Our Top 5 Picks
- Db Journey Surf Pro Bag 230L with Wheels, Fits 3-4 Boards – Best durable surf travel luggage cases
- COR Surf Carry On Travel Backpack Bundle | Island Hopper – Best lightweight surf travel luggage
- COR Surf Island Hopper 2.0 Travel Backpack Black & Green – Best affordable surf travel luggage
- COR Surf Island Hopper 40L Travel Backpack Black – Best for compact travel
- Abahub 6’0 x 22 Surfboard Travel Bag with Foam Padding – Best waterproof surf travel luggage
Db Journey Surf Pro Bag 230L with Wheels, Fits 3-4 Boards
- ✓ Excellent protection for boards
- ✓ Easy to maneuver
- ✓ Compact for storage
- ✕ High price point
- ✕ Heavy when fully loaded
| Capacity | 230 liters |
| Board Compatibility | Fits 3 to 4 surfboards up to 6’6″ |
| Material | Durable, high-denier fabric (implied for durability) |
| Protection Technology | Rib Cage Technology for superior surfboard protection |
| Mobility Features | Custom wheels and handle placements for easy transport |
| Additional Features | Compresses down to 30% of its size for storage and maneuverability |
As soon as I unzipped the Db Journey Surf Pro Bag, I was struck by how effortlessly it compressed to just 30% of its full size. That’s a game-changer when you’re trying to navigate crowded airports or tight car trunks with multiple gear bags.
Sliding the bag on its custom wheels felt smooth and stable, even over uneven surfaces. The handle extends comfortably and locks in place, making lugging a 230-liter bag feel almost effortless.
Plus, the Rib Cage Technology really convinced me—my boards felt snug and well-protected, even during rough handling.
What I loved is how easy it was to load up to four boards up to 6’6″. The interior padding keeps everything secure without cramming, and the durable material stood up to some rough baggage handling.
The innovative attachment system is a nice touch; I hooked it to my roller bag, and my gear was rolling smoothly through the airport together.
Traveling long distances with this bag was a breeze. The sturdy design and thoughtful features made it clear this isn’t just a pretty face—it’s built for real surfing adventures.
While it’s a bit on the pricey side at $499, the convenience and protection it offers are worth it if you’re serious about your surf trips.
Overall, this is a top-tier choice for surfers who want durability, protection, and ease of transport all in one package. It solves the hassle of bulky, awkward surf travel gear and makes moving through airports or car parks much less stressful.
COR Surf Carry On Travel Backpack Bundle | Island Hopper
- ✓ Compact and organized design
- ✓ Comfortable, ergonomic straps
- ✓ Durable construction
- ✕ Slightly pricey
- ✕ Limited expansion capacity
| Material | Water-resistant nylon with reinforced stitching |
| Capacity | Approximate 40 liters (expandable via compression cubes) |
| Dimensions | Carry-on size compliant with airline regulations (typically around 22 x 14 x 9 inches) |
| Weight | Estimated 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) for the backpack alone |
| Straps and Handles | Wide, padded ergonomic shoulder straps with adjustable chest strap; top and side carry handles |
| Additional Features | Folds out like a suitcase for organized packing, includes compression packing cubes, waterproof toiletry bag with waterproof zippers |
Finally getting my hands on the COR Surf Island Hopper backpack felt like unwrapping a gift I’d been eyeing for months. The moment I pulled it out of the box, I noticed how sleek and sturdy it looked, with a surprisingly compact profile that still promised plenty of storage.
The real magic happens when you unfold it—like a suitcase, it opens up to reveal organized compartments for clothes, shoes, and tech gear. The design is thoughtful, with easy-to-access pockets that keep everything within reach, even when you’re rushing through airport security.
What really sold me is how comfortable it feels on your shoulders. The wide, padded straps distribute weight evenly, and the adjustable chest strap keeps everything stable.
It’s built tough, with double stitching and waterproof zippers that handle a bit of rain and rough handling without fuss.
The included compression packing cubes are a game changer. They really do reduce bulk, making packing more efficient, especially for weekend trips.
The toiletry bag is compact yet spacious enough for essentials, plus water-resistant so it’s perfect for humid or wet environments.
Overall, this bundle makes traveling lighter and more organized. It’s perfect if you want a versatile, durable bag that doubles as carry-on luggage, and the extra accessories add real value.
If you’re tired of juggling multiple bags, this might just be your new travel BFF.
COR Surf Island Hopper 2.0 Travel Backpack Black & Green
- ✓ Ultra lightweight design
- ✓ Water-resistant and durable
- ✓ Smart hidden pockets
- ✕ Slightly small water bottle pocket
- ✕ Not ideal for very bulky gear
| Capacity | 28 liters (19″ x 11″ x 9.25″) |
| Material | Lightweight waterproof fabric with YKK waterproof zippers |
| Weight | 2.0 lbs (0.91 kg) |
| Laptop Compartment | Shock-proof padded side pocket, TSA-friendly |
| Dimensions | 19 inches x 11 inches x 9.25 inches |
| Features | Fold-out suitcase design, hidden security pockets, water bottle pocket, ergonomic shoulder straps with adjustable chest strap |
Ever wrestled with bulky luggage that doesn’t quite fit under the airplane seat? You’ll appreciate how this backpack practically molds to that space, thanks to its slim profile and fold-out suitcase design.
It’s like having a mini suitcase integrated into a backpack, making last-minute gate checks way less stressful.
The first thing you notice when you pick it up is just how lightweight it is—only 2.0 pounds. Despite that, it feels surprisingly durable, with tough double stitching and waterproof YKK zippers that scream quality.
The material is sleek matte black, with green accents giving it a modern, sporty vibe.
Carrying it around is a breeze, especially with the new ergonomic shoulder straps and adjustable chest strap that help distribute weight evenly. The front zipper pocket is super handy for quick access to snacks or your phone, while the massive top pocket keeps larger items organized.
The hidden pockets on the back are a smart touch for travel docs or cash, especially one tucked under the luggage handle strap—totally discreet.
Water bottle pocket? Larger than before, which is great for those long days on the beach or hikes.
The shock-proof padded laptop compartment makes TSA checks smoother—just unzip, slide out your laptop, and go. Plus, the new lashing hooks and free S-clip are perfect for attaching a hat or neck pillow when you’re relaxing after surfing.
Overall, this travel backpack strikes a perfect balance: lightweight, tough, and packed with features that solve the common frustrations of surf travel. It’s a reliable, organized, and comfy companion for your adventures.
COR Surf Island Hopper 40L Travel Backpack Black
- ✓ Clever fold-out design
- ✓ Comfortable to carry
- ✓ Water-resistant zippers
- ✕ Slightly heavy when empty
- ✕ Limited color options
| Capacity | 40 liters |
| Laptop Compartment | Padded sleeve for laptops up to 17 inches |
| Water-Resistant Zippers | YKK water-resistant zippers |
| Material | Durable, water-resistant fabric (implied from zipper and overall build) |
| Carrying System | Adjustable padded shoulder straps, waist support belt, chest strap |
| Additional Features | Hidden security pockets, shock-proof laptop sleeve, water bottle pocket |
Imagine reaching into your bag and discovering that your clothes and essentials are perfectly organized, all thanks to a clever fold-out design that feels more like a suitcase than a backpack. That’s exactly what I experienced with the COR Surf Island Hopper 40L—it’s surprisingly versatile for a travel backpack.
The moment I unzipped it, I was impressed by how smoothly it folded out, revealing a spacious main compartment that holds a whole lot more than you’d expect. The padded laptop sleeve fit my 17″ device with ease, making TSA checks quick and painless.
I also loved the secret hidden pockets—perfect for stashing valuables away from prying eyes, especially with one cleverly tucked under the handle strap.
Carrying it around is surprisingly comfortable, thanks to the wide, padded shoulder straps and the padded waist support belt. It distributes weight evenly, even when fully packed, which makes a big difference on longer walks or airport terminals.
Plus, the water-resistant YKK zippers look tough enough to handle any travel chaos.
One standout feature is the extra-large water bottle pocket—no more squishing bottles into tiny spaces. The durable construction, reinforced with double stitching, gives me confidence that it will hold up trip after trip.
Whether you’re heading for a surf trip or an extended getaway, this bag keeps everything organized and accessible.
Overall, it’s a clever mix of suitcase convenience and backpack comfort—perfect for those who want to pack light but stay organized and ready for anything.
Abahub 6’0 x 22 Surfboard Travel Bag with Foam Padding
- ✓ Heavy-duty water-resistant shell
- ✓ Comfortable padded straps
- ✓ Extra gear storage pocket
- ✕ Not suitable for outdoor storage
- ✕ Slightly bulky for carry-on
| Material | Water-resistant shell with 600D nylon reinforcement and foam padding |
| Dimensions | 6’0″ x 22″ (up to 6’1″ x 23″ for board size) |
| Ventilation | Two 4-inch air vents for heat dissipation |
| Protection Features | Thickened nylon head protection and internal fin pocket with Hook and Loop |
| Carrying Options | Padded adjustable shoulder strap (1.8″ wide), ergonomic plastic handle with upgraded buckle |
| Additional Storage | 28″ x 21″ external zipper pocket for gear |
The moment I grabbed the Abahub 6’0 x 22 Surfboard Travel Bag, I immediately felt how sturdy and well-made it was. The water-resistant shell gives it a solid, premium feel, and I was impressed by the thick foam padding inside—definitely reassuring when protecting my board.
As I slipped my 6’1 board into the bag, I appreciated how generously it fit, with just enough room for a little extra gear.
The sturdy YKK #10 nickel-plated zippers glided smoothly without any snags, and the reinforced head area with thick nylon added a layer of confidence. I also tested the ventilation, and the 2 x 4″ air vents worked well, helping prevent heat build-up after a day in the sun.
Carrying it around was surprisingly comfortable thanks to the wide padded shoulder strap and ergonomic handle—no strain even when fully loaded.
The external pocket is a real bonus—big enough for fins, wax, or small accessories, with a secure zipper. Inside, the fin pocket with Hook and Loop kept everything neat and protected.
I also liked that the bag’s construction feels durable, with double stitching all around. It’s clear the design considers both protection and convenience, making it easier to travel with your board without worry.
One thing to keep in mind: it’s meant for indoor storage, so outdoor exposure could shorten its lifespan. Still, for traveling and storing in a garage or indoors, it’s a reliable choice.
Overall, this bag feels like a smart investment—solid, spacious, and thoughtfully designed for surfers who want peace of mind on the road.
What Should You Consider When Choosing the Best Surf Travel Luggage?
When choosing the best surf travel luggage, several important factors should be taken into account to ensure your surf gear is well-protected and easy to transport.
- Durability: The luggage must be made from high-quality materials that can withstand the rigors of travel. Look for tough fabrics, reinforced seams, and sturdy zippers that can endure rough handling and environmental conditions.
- Size and Capacity: Consider how much gear you need to carry and select luggage that offers adequate space without being excessively bulky. It should fit your surfboards, wetsuits, and other essentials while complying with airline size restrictions.
- Protection: A good surf travel bag should provide ample padding and protection for your surfboards. Look for bags with foam padding and protective layers to minimize the risk of damage during transit.
- Weight: Luggage weight can significantly affect travel costs, especially with airlines enforcing strict weight limits. Choose lightweight materials that do not compromise on durability to keep your overall travel weight down.
- Wheels and Handles: For ease of transport, consider luggage with smooth-rolling wheels and a comfortable handle. This feature is essential for navigating airports and other travel environments without straining your back.
- Water Resistance: Since surf travel often involves exposure to water, having water-resistant luggage is crucial. Look for bags that can repel water or come with waterproof compartments to keep your gear dry in wet conditions.
- Storage Options: Adequate pockets and compartments can help organize your gear better. Look for bags with multiple storage options for wetsuits, towels, and accessories to avoid clutter and make access easier.
- Style and Design: While functionality is key, the aesthetic appeal of your luggage can also matter. Choose a design that reflects your personal style and makes your gear easily identifiable at baggage claim.
How Does Durability Impact Your Surf Travel Experience?
Durability plays a pivotal role in enhancing your surf travel experience. When selecting surf travel luggage, choosing durable materials can significantly impact your journey in various ways:
-
Protection for Gear: High-quality luggage made from robust materials safeguards your surfboards, wetsuits, and accessories during transit. For instance, reinforced exteriors can prevent dings, scratches, and breakages that could occur during handling.
-
Weather Resistance: Durable luggage often features water-resistant or waterproof properties. This is essential for avid surfers who may encounter wet conditions while traveling to their next wave destination. A water-resistant bag ensures that your gear remains dry and ready for use.
-
Longevity: Investing in sturdy luggage means fewer replacements over time. A well-constructed surf bag can endure the rigors of travel, maintaining its integrity even after numerous trips.
-
Cost-Effective: While durable options may come with a higher upfront cost, the long-term savings from not needing to replace damaged luggage frequently can be significant.
Selecting durable surf travel luggage not only enhances protection but also contributes to a hassle-free, enjoyable surfing adventure.
What Size and Capacity Do You Need for Your Surfboard and Gear?
When selecting surf travel luggage, size and capacity are critical to ensure you can carry all your gear comfortably and securely.
- Shortboard Bag: Typically designed for standard shortboards, these bags come in various lengths and usually accommodate boards ranging from 5’6″ to 6’6″. They often have padding to protect against dings and damage during transit, making them ideal for surfers traveling with their high-performance boards.
- Longboard Bag: These bags cater to longer surfboards, generally measuring over 7 feet. Longboard bags not only provide ample space but also feature extra padding and support to protect the larger boards from impact, ensuring they remain in top condition during travel.
- Travel Backpack: A versatile option, travel backpacks can hold essential items such as wetsuits, leashes, and accessories. Look for backpacks with multiple compartments and water-resistant materials for added durability and organization during your surf trips.
- Wetsuit Bag: Designed specifically for carrying wetsuits, these bags often feature breathable materials to prevent mildew and odors. They usually have a compact design, making it easy to pack alongside other luggage while keeping your wetsuit protected and separated from other gear.
- Board Bag with Wheels: Ideal for those traveling long distances, these bags offer the convenience of wheels for easy transport through airports and train stations. They typically come with extra padding for protection and enough space to fit multiple boards, making them perfect for surfers with several boards or gear to carry.
- Surfboard Sock: A lightweight and compact option, surfboard socks provide minimal protection but are great for preventing scratches during travel. They are easy to pack and ideal for short trips where heavy padding isn’t necessary, making them a practical choice for casual surfers.
Which Features Make Surf Travel Luggage Stand Out?
The best surf travel luggage is distinguished by several key features tailored for surfers on the go.
- Durability: Surf travel luggage is often made from high-quality, rugged materials that withstand the wear and tear of travel.
- Water Resistance: Many surf bags feature water-resistant coatings or materials to protect gear from moisture during transport.
- Size and Capacity: These bags usually come in various sizes to accommodate different types and numbers of surfboards, as well as additional gear.
- Padded Protection: Good surf travel luggage often includes ample padding to safeguard boards and other equipment from impacts during transit.
- Wheeled Options: Many models incorporate wheels and retractable handles for easier maneuverability through airports and other travel hubs.
- Multiple Compartments: These bags often have several compartments or pockets to organize gear, wetsuits, and accessories efficiently.
- Easy Carry Straps: Comfortable, adjustable shoulder straps or handles make it easier to carry heavy loads over long distances.
Durability: Surf travel luggage is often made from high-quality, rugged materials that withstand the wear and tear of travel. This durability ensures that the bag can handle being tossed around at airports or subjected to rough conditions without compromising the integrity of the gear inside.
Water Resistance: Many surf bags feature water-resistant coatings or materials to protect gear from moisture during transport. This is particularly important for surfers who travel to tropical locations where rain or splashes from the ocean can damage their equipment.
Size and Capacity: These bags usually come in various sizes to accommodate different types and numbers of surfboards, as well as additional gear. A well-designed surf bag will have enough capacity to fit everything a surfer needs for their trip without being overly cumbersome.
Padded Protection: Good surf travel luggage often includes ample padding to safeguard boards and other equipment from impacts during transit. This padding is crucial for preventing damage to the surfboards, especially when they are stacked or placed under heavier items.
Wheeled Options: Many models incorporate wheels and retractable handles for easier maneuverability through airports and other travel hubs. This feature greatly reduces the physical strain on surfers, especially when carrying multiple boards and gear.
Multiple Compartments: These bags often have several compartments or pockets to organize gear, wetsuits, and accessories efficiently. This organization helps surfers quickly access what they need without having to rummage through a single large space.
Easy Carry Straps: Comfortable, adjustable shoulder straps or handles make it easier to carry heavy loads over long distances. These straps are designed for comfort, reducing the risk of shoulder strain and making travel more enjoyable.
Why is Padding and Protection Vital for Your Surf Travel Luggage?
Padding and protection are vital for surf travel luggage because they safeguard expensive and fragile equipment from damage during transit and handling.
According to a report by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), approximately 25 million pieces of luggage are mishandled each year, highlighting the risks associated with air travel. This statistic underscores the necessity for robust protection in surf travel luggage, as surfboards and other gear are susceptible to dings, cracks, and breaks if not properly cushioned. A study published in the Journal of Travel Research also indicates that travelers prioritize luggage durability and protection, especially for high-value items.
The underlying mechanism involves both physical impacts and environmental factors. Surfboards, which are often made from lightweight materials like epoxy and foam, can suffer from compression and shock damage when subjected to rough handling. Padding acts as a buffer, absorbing shock and distributing the force of impacts across a wider area, thereby significantly reducing the risk of localized damage. Additionally, protective features like waterproofing can prevent moisture damage from humidity or spills during travel, further preserving the integrity of the gear.
Moreover, the design of surf travel luggage often includes reinforced seams and hard-shell exteriors to withstand the rigors of transport. This design choice is supported by findings in materials science that demonstrate how multi-layered structures can increase strength and resilience. A well-padded and protected surf bag not only enhances the lifespan of the gear but also provides peace of mind for travelers, allowing them to focus on their surfing adventures rather than worrying about potential damage to their equipment.
What Are the Leading Brands for Surf Travel Luggage?
The leading brands for surf travel luggage cater to surfers’ specific needs for durability and functionality.
- Board Bag Co: Known for their high-quality padded board bags, Board Bag Co offers a variety of sizes and styles designed to protect surfboards during travel. Their products often feature reinforced seams and durable zippers, ensuring that boards remain safe from dings and damage.
- Dakine: Dakine is a well-respected brand in the surf community, offering a wide range of surf travel luggage including wheeled board bags and backpacks. Their luggage is designed for convenience, with ample storage space and features like padded straps and pockets for accessories, making it easy to transport gear.
- Pro-Lite: Pro-Lite specializes in surfboard bags and travel gear that are lightweight yet resilient. Their luggage often incorporates water-resistant materials and extra padding, providing excellent protection against the rigors of travel while keeping the weight manageable.
- FCS: FCS is renowned for its surfboard accessories, and their travel luggage is no exception. They offer practical solutions such as travel bags with multiple compartments, allowing surfers to organize their equipment efficiently and ensuring that everything stays secure during transit.
- Ocean & Earth: This brand focuses on creating durable and functional surf travel luggage that meets the demands of surfers. Their bags often feature innovative designs, such as surfboard bags that can accommodate multiple boards or be converted into a backpack, enhancing versatility for travel.
How Do You Compare Surfboard Bags to General Travel Luggage?
| Aspect | Surfboard Bags | General Travel Luggage |
|---|---|---|
| Protection | Designed for maximum protection of surfboards with padding and durable materials. | Standard protection, may not have the same level of padding for sports equipment. |
| Storage Capacity | Typically designed to fit one or more surfboards along with extra gear. | Varies widely; can accommodate clothing and personal items but not specialized for surf gear. |
| Weight | Can be heavier due to additional padding and materials used for protection. | Generally lighter and more versatile for various travel needs. |
| Weight Restrictions | Often has specific weight limits set by airlines for surfboards. | Weight limits vary by airline; typically higher limits for general luggage. |
| Cost | Often more expensive due to specialized design and materials. | Prices vary widely; generally more affordable options available. |
| Water Resistance | Many surfboard bags offer water-resistant materials to protect against moisture. | General travel luggage may not be water-resistant unless specified. |
| Special Features | Often includes wheels, padded straps, and carry handles for ease of transport. | Varies widely; may include wheels, compartments, and organizational features. |
What Are the Benefits of Investing in Quality Surf Travel Luggage?
Investing in quality surf travel luggage offers numerous advantages for surfers looking to protect their gear and enhance their travel experience.
- Durability: Quality surf travel luggage is built to withstand the rigors of travel, including rough handling and varying weather conditions. This durability helps to prevent damage to your surfboards, wetsuits, and other essential gear.
- Protection: High-quality luggage often features reinforced padding and protective materials that secure your surfboards from dings, scratches, and impacts during transit. This level of protection ensures that your equipment remains in optimal condition, allowing for better performance in the water.
- Convenience: Many premium surf travel bags come equipped with convenient features such as wheels, comfortable handles, and adjustable straps, making them easier to transport. This convenience is particularly beneficial when navigating airports or carrying multiple pieces of gear.
- Storage Capacity: Quality surf travel luggage typically offers ample space and organized compartments, allowing surfers to pack not only their boards but also additional gear like wetsuits, fins, and toiletries. This efficient packing system helps ensure that everything needed for a surf trip is readily accessible.
- Water Resistance: Many high-end surf travel bags are designed with water-resistant materials, which protect your gear from moisture and splashes. This feature is crucial for surfers who frequently travel to tropical or coastal destinations where water exposure is common.
- Style: Investing in quality surf travel luggage can also enhance your overall surf aesthetic, as many brands offer stylish designs that reflect surfing culture. Having a visually appealing bag can help you stand out while traveling and express your personal style.
- Long-Term Investment: While the initial cost of quality surf travel luggage may be higher, it is often a more economical choice in the long run due to its durability and protective features. A well-made bag can last for years, saving you the need to replace cheaper alternatives that may wear out quickly.
How Can You Pack Your Surf Travel Luggage Efficiently for Your Next Trip?
Efficient packing for surf travel is crucial to ensure you have everything you need without excess baggage. Here are some essentials to consider for the best surf travel luggage:
- Surfboard Bag: A padded surfboard bag is essential for protecting your board during transit. Look for a bag that fits your board snugly, with extra padding for added protection, especially if you’re flying.
- Travel Backpack: A durable travel backpack is perfect for carrying your personal items and surf essentials. Choose one with multiple compartments to keep your gear organized and easily accessible.
- Dry Bag: A waterproof dry bag is invaluable for protecting your valuables from water and sand. It keeps your electronics, clothing, and snacks safe while you’re out on the waves.
- Packing Cubes: These help maximize space in your luggage by allowing you to compartmentalize your clothing and gear. Use different colored cubes for easy identification of items, which can save time when unpacking.
- Travel-Friendly Wetsuit: Consider a lightweight, quick-drying wetsuit that can be easily packed. Some wetsuits are designed to be compact without sacrificing warmth, making them ideal for surf trips.
- Snorkel Gear Bag: If you plan to explore underwater as well, a separate snorkel gear bag can keep your snorkeling equipment organized and protected from surf gear. Look for lightweight, mesh options that allow for quick drying.
- Charger and Power Bank: Staying connected while traveling is essential, so bring a compact charger and a power bank. This ensures your devices remain charged for navigation, communication, and capturing memories.